American College of Healthcare Sciences
Damiana
Turnera diffusa
Turneraceae
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the Plant Used
Damiana is a perennial. It can grow to be about six feet tall. It blooms September – March and is native to Texas, particularly South Texas. Its flowers are yellow. It has five stamens and five petals (Plant Database, n.d). Damiana leaves and stems are steeped to make a tea. It is also available to be taken as capsules or liquid extracts. It’s indicated for use with anemia, anxiety, and acts as an antibacterial, antidepressant, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, adaptogen, anti-tumor, to treat respiratory infections, as an anti-fungal, to relieve pain, to treat impotence and increase libido. The leaves can also be smoked for an effect like marijuana. Topical preparations can relieve pain. (Herbal Safety, n.d).
TEXTURE – has a gritty, sturdy feel to it when in ground / dried form; the leaves tend to curl in on themselves.
COLOR – the dried leaf is a mixture of light brown and light green.
AROMA – it smells herbaceous, slightly like chamomile.
FLAVOR – when brewed as a tea, it has a refreshingly slightly bitter flavor.
CONSTITUENTS
Damiana (Turnera diffusa) is a popular aphrodisiac that has anti-depressive, anxiolytic, stomachic, thymoleptic, and purgative properties. It is used to treat constipation, bedwetting, nervousness, depression, and to increase mental and physical stamina, and for sexual issues. It has also been used as an anti-cough and diuretic herb. In medicine, the leaf and stem are used. There have been a wide variety of constituents noted as having medical benefits including terpenoids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, and saccharides (Petersen, 2020).
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
In modern times, Damiana is indicated for use in men and women's sexual health diverting oxygen flow away from the digestive tract and towards the sexual organs and in men, being an effective treatment for impotence. In women, Damiana acts as an emmenagogue increasing blood circulation and stimulating contractions to induce menstruation. It has also been used for nervousness and depression due to the compound thymol and is especially useful for co-occurring anxiety and depression brought on by long periods of stress. Damiana also facilitates the breakdown of fats and sugars in the digestive tract and increases the nutrition absorption rate while also cleansing the digestive tract of harmful toxins (Indigo Herbs, 2022)
HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
To be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.
FORMULARY
This formula is created to be used as an anti-depressant and provide a sense of emotional balance.
.50 oz of Damiana (Turnera diffusa)
.25 oz of Eleuthero Root (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
.25 oz of Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale)
Ensure the work-space and all equipment is clean, unnecessary items removed, and sanitized. A decoction is created from Eleuthero Root and Ginger Root by placing the herbs in a pot of cold water on the stove. The water is brought to a low simmer and the liquid should be reduced by 1/3 with the lid partway off. Once the decoction has completed, place the Damiana in the liquid and allow to infuse for 15-20 minutes. Once cooled, strain out the herbal material and place the liquid into a sanitized glass jar and lid.
Refer to the table below for general dosage information:
Adults
1-3 tablespoons 3x per day
Chidlren
Not recommended for children
Tea
1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb steeped in a tea
RESEARCH
Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause
Echeverria, V., Echeverria, F., Barreto, G.E., Echeverría, J., Mendoza, C (2021). Estrogenic plants: to prevent neurodegeneration and memory loss and other symptoms in women after menopause. Front Pharmacol: 12:644103. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644103. PMID: 34093183; https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/34093183/
Antioxidant effects of damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) in kidney mitochondria from streptozotocin-diabetic rats
Edgar Romualdo, E.G., Lilia, A.M., Rafael, S.G., Alfredo, S.M (2018). Antioxidant effects of damiana (turnera diffusa willd. ex schult.) in kidney mitochondria from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Nat Prod Res: 32(23):2840-2843. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1380009. Epub 2017 Sep 26. PMID: 28948849. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/28948849/
Plant Database
Plant database (n.d). Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin:https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TUDI
Herbal Safety
Herbal safety (n.d). UTEP: https://www.utep.edu/herbal-safety/herbal-facts/herbal%20facts%20sheet/damiana.html
LAB, NOTES AND MEDIA
Damiana has a long cultural history with the Indigenous members of Mexico; used magically and ritualistically as well as providing medical benefits. The first time I came into contact with Damiana was about 7 years ago when it was offered to me in a smoke blend.
Blessed Thistle
Cnicus benedictus
Asteraceae
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the Plant Used
Blessed Thistle is native to the Mediterranean area. It is an annual plant with toothed, spiny leaves. The leaf is covered in a light, white fuzz surrounded by purple-yellow spikes and a yellow flower in the center. It can grow between 20-24 inches and requires full sun. It prefers a dry, rocky, well-drained soil and blooms mid-summer to early fall. The flowers, leaves, and upper stems are used to cultivate medicine (Blessed thistle seeds - CNICUS benedictus herb seed (n.d).
TEXTURE – light, feathery, white, downy covering over leaves, stringy parts are very strong.
COLOR – light brown pieces with green.
AROMA – smells herbaceous, flowery, light.
FLAVOR – it has a strong astringent / bitter flavor that feels strengthening.
CONSTITUENTS
Blessed Thistle contains sesquiterpene lactone glycosides, cnicin, absinthin, polyacetylen, artemisiifolin, salonitenolide, triterpenoids, lignans (nortracheloside, arctigenin, trachelogenin), flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, astragalin), volatile oils (n-undecane, n-nonane, n-tridecane, p-cymene, dodeca-1, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and fenchon), tannins, and essential oils (Al-Snafi, n.d).
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
Blessed Thistle is indicated for use with diarrhea, swelling, and coughs. It is used for wound-healing, indigestion, and infections. It has an affinity for the digestive and respiratory systems and supports the immune system.
HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
Can cause stomach irritation when taken at a dose of more than 5g per cup of tea. It is not to be used when pregnant or lactating. It can worsen intestinal inflammation, Crohn’s disease, and may irritate or cause an allergic reaction in those who have an allergy to the Asteraceae family (ragweed). It may decrease the effectiveness of antacids, decrease the effectiveness of medications that decrease stomach acid (U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.).
FORMULARY
The goal of this formula is to support the liver.
.50oz of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus)
.25oz of Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale)
.25oz of Spearmint (Mentha spicata)
.25oz of Reishi Mushroom (Dried) (Ganoderma lingzhi)
Ensure the work-space and all equipment is clean, unnecessary items removed, and sanitized. Create a decoction with the Dandelion Root and Dried Reishi Mushroom by placing each in a pint of cool water. Bring water to a low simmer and reduce 1/3 of the liquid with the lid partway off. Once the decoction has completed, place the spearmint and Blessed Thistle in the remaining liquid to create an infusion. Let infuse for about 15 minutes. Once cooled, remove the herbal material by straining. Store the remaining liquid in a sanitized glass jar and lid.
Refer to the table below for general dosage information:
Adults
1-3 Tablespoons 3x per day
Children
Not recommended for children
Tea
1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb steeped in a tea
RESEARCH
Two new sesquiterpene lactone glycosides from Cnicus benedictus
Peng, Y., Jian, Y., Zulfiqar, A., Li, B., Zhang, K., Long, F., Peng, C., Cai, X., Khan, I.A., Wang, W (2017). Two new sesquiterpene lactone glycosides from Cnicus benedictus. Nat Prod Res: 31(19):2211-2217. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1295239. Epub 2017 Mar 13. PMID: 28287272. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28287272/
Blessed thistle seeds - CNICUS benedictus herb seed
Blessed thistle seeds - CNICUS benedictus herb seed (n.d). Outsidepride: https://www.outsidepride.com/seed/herb-seed/blessed-thistle.html
The constituents and pharmacology of cnicus benedictus-a review
Al-Snafi, A. E. (n.d.). The constituents and pharmacology of cnicus benedictus-a review. Research Gate:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313744455_The_Constituents_and_Pharmacology_of_Cnicus_Benedictus-A_Review
Blessed thistle: Medlineplus supplements.
U.S. National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Blessed thistle: Medlineplus supplements. MedlinePlus:https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/94.html#:~:text=Intestinal%20problems%2C%20such%20as%20infections,irritate%20the%20stomach%20and%20intestines
Ashwagandha
Withania somnifera
Solanaceae
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the Plant Used
Ashwagandha is a small, annual shrub in some zones and a perennial in its native habitat of open, disturbed areas. It is native to China, parts of Europe, and Africa to Sri Lanka. It prefers full sun and slightly alkaline, sandy soil with good draining. It has alternate leaves opposite its flowering shoots. The leaves are simple, ovate, and have entire margins. The underside is hairy. It has been described as smelling like a horse and cannot grow in the shade. The Roots are used for medicine as an adaptogen and nerve tonic. Roots are harvested when the flowers and fruits form and leaves dry out (Withania somnifera, n.d).
TEXTURE – the root is sturdy, woody, resilient.
COLOR – the root is a light brown color when dried.
AROMA – the root has a slightly nutty, peanut-buttery scent that is enticing and relaxing. It smells slightly like hay/barn.
FLAVOR – The flavor is not unpleasant, it is earthy.
CONSTITUENTS
The Active Constituents include alkaloids (anaferine, cuseohygrine, isopelletierine, anahygrine, among others, sitoindosides, acylsterylglucosides, steroidal lactones, and saponins.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
Ashwagandha acts as an aphrodisiac, narcotic, tonic, diuretic, astringent, anthelmintic, stimulant, and thermogenic. It is used to strengthen vitality, constipation, insomnia, nervous disorders, rheumatism, leukoderma, and when used as a paste, it can soothe joint inflammation, and reduce ulcers and painful swelling. It is also used as an antidote for scorpion-sting, and as an antivenom for snake venom. It can help with painful skin disorders. The flowers are used as an astringent, a diuretic, and an aphrodisiac. The leaves can be used to treat fevers.
HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
Ashwagandha may potentially interact with diabetic and high blood pressure medication. It may also interact with medication for thyroid hormones, anti-seizure, immunosuppressants, and sedatives. It may increase testosterone levels so those with prostate cancer should avoid or limit use. It is not recommended for those about to have surgery and should be avoided during pregnancy. Side effects can include mild gastro-intestinal upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and drowsiness. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.).
FORMULARY
The goal of this blend is to support the immune system and to create a calm, relaxed state of mind.
.50oz of Ashwagandha Root (Withania somnifera)
.25oz of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum verum)
.25oz of Astralagus Root (Astralagus membraneceus)
.25oz of Reishi Mushroom (Dried) (Ganoderma lingzhi)
.25oz of Damiana (Turnera diffusa)
Ensure the work-space and all equipment is clean, unnecessary items removed, and sanitized. Create a decoction with the Ashwagandha root, Cinnamon bark, Astralagus Root, and Dried Reishi Mushroom by placing each herb into a pint of cold liquid in a pot on the stove. Let the liquid reduce by 1/3 at a low simmer with the lid partway off. Once the decoction has completed, place in the Damiana and let infuse for about 15 minutes. Once the liquid has cooled, strain out the herbal material and store the liquid in a sanitized glass jar and lid.
Refer to the table below for general dosage information:
Adults
1-3 tablespoons, 3x per day
Children
Not recommended for children
Tea
1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb steeped in a tea
RESEARCH
Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia
Speers, A.B., Cabey, K.A., Soumyanath, A., Wright, K.M (2021). Effects of withania somnifera (ashwagandha) on stress and the stress- related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol: 2021;19(9):1468-1495. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210712151556. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/34254920/
Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers
Verma, N., Gupta, S.K., Tiwari, S., Mishra, A.K (2021). Safety of ashwagandha root extract: A randomized, placebo-controlled, study in healthy volunteers. Complement Ther Med:57;102642. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102642. Epub 2020 Dec 15. PMID: 33338583.
https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/33338583/
Withania somnifera (ashwagandha, ashwagandha, vedic, indian ginseng, indian winter cherry, poison gooseberry, winter cherry).
Withania somnifera (n.d). Withania somnifera (ashwagandha, ashwagandha, vedic, indian ginseng, indian winter cherry, poison gooseberry, winter cherry). North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/withania-somnifera/
Ashwagandha
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (n.d.). Ashwagandha. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ashwagandha#:~:text=There%20is%20evidence%20that%20ashwagandha,)%2C%20and%20thyroid%20hormone%20medications._
Dandelion Root
Taraxacum officinale
Asteraceae
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the Plant Used
Dandelion Root blooms yellow flowers. After the flowers bloom, they turn into feathery, light, white seed heads that are easily wind-pollinated. Almost all parts of the plant can be eaten with Dandelion leaves a popular addition to a salad. Dandelion is native to Eurasia but grows almost everywhere in the Northern Hemisphere. Leaves are lance-shaped, and it is a short-lived perennial that can grow in most soils (Dandelion, n.d).
TEXTURE – soft, pliable but sturdy, slightly like construction paper.
COLOR – Dandelion Leaf, when ground, is a gradient of green between light -dark green with streaks of purple.
AROMA – It smells refreshing, slightly astringent and sweet.
FLAVOR – When brewed as a tea, it has an earthy, gritty, slightly bitter but full flavor.
CONSTITUENTS
Dandelion has many active constituents. These include chicoric acid, caffeic acid, cholorogenic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, taraxasterol, monocaffeolytartaric acid, icerine, tetrahydroridentin B, quercetin glycosides, and sesquiterpene lactones (Kania-Dobrowolska & Baraniak, 2022).
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
Dandelion has immuno-supportive, hepatoprotective, antiviral, diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, gastrointestinal, choloretic, antiurolithiatic, and hypoglycemic effects (Dandelion, n.d).
HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
Dandelion can potentially cause gastro-intestinal upset and irritate the skin. It is best to avoid if on blood-thinner medication and if one has kidney problems.
FORMULARY
This formula is created as an anti-diabetic support formula with immuno-strengthening properties.
25oz of Astralagus Root (Astragalus membranaceus)
.25oz of Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
.25oz of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
50oz of Dandelion Leaf (Taraxacum officinale)
Ensure the work-space and all equipment is clean, unnecessary items removed, and sanitized. Create a decoction from the Astralagus Root, Cinnamon Bark, and Fenugreek seeds by placing the herbal material in a pot of cold water on the stove. Bring to a low simmer with the lid partway off and allow the liquid to reduce by 1/3. Once that has completed, place the Dandelion Leaf in the resulting liquid and allow to infuse for about 15 minutes. Once the liquid has cooled, strain out the herbal material and store the liquid in a sanitized glass jar and lid.
Refer to the table below for general dosage information:
Adults
1-3 Tablespoons, 3x per day
Children
Not recommended for children
Tea
1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb steeped in a tea
RESEARCH
Effects of dandelion root on rat heart function and oxidative status
Radoman, K., Zivkovic, V., Zdravkovic, N., Chichkova, N.V., Bolevich, S., Jakovljevic, V (2023). Effects of dandelion root on rat heart function and oxidative status. BMC Complement Med Ther: 23(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-03900-5. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/36899315/
Dandelion root extract suppressed gastric cancer cells proliferation and migration through targeting lncRNA-CCAT1
Zhu, H., Zhao, H., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Zhu, C., Zhao, H., L.v, G (2017). Dandelion root extract suppressed gastric cancer cells proliferation and migration through targeting lncRNA-CCAT1. Biomed Pharmacother: 93:1010-1017. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 14. PMID: 28724210. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/28724210/
Dandelion
Dandelion (n.d). Wisconsin Horticulture: https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/dandelion-taraxacum-officinale/
Dandelion (taraxacum officinale L.) as a source of biologically active compounds supporting the therapy of co-existing diseases in metabolic syndrome.
Kania-Dobrowolska, M., & Baraniak, J (2022). Dandelion (taraxacum officinale L.) as a source of biologically active compounds supporting the therapy of co-existing diseases in metabolic syndrome. Foods: 11(18):2858. doi: 10.3390/foods11182858.
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgoaceae
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Part of the Plant Used
Gingko biloba has feathery, fan-shaped, two-lobed, green leaves with parallel veins. It is a large deciduous tree that can grow quite tall. Female trees grow strong-smelling fruit that can smell foul when dropped. The leaves begin as dark green and fade to a golden yellow. It is native to China and blooms in April. The leaves are used in medicine. (Gingko Biloba, n.d).
TEXTURE – the dried leaves are slightly sharp, pliable and brittle, with pointed shapes.
COLOR – a mossy grey-green with specks of brown.
AROMA – it smells unpleasant.
FLAVOR – it tastes earthy, with a slight kick to it.
CONSTITUENTS
Gingko biloba has two primary constituents: terpene lactones (ginkgolides and diterpenes) and ginkgo flavone glycosides (gingketin, bilobetin, sciadopitysin) (Nguyen & Alzahrani, 2023).
THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS
Gingko biloba acts as an antioxidant and an anti-aging herb, protecting the cells against free radicals and oxidative stress. It increases cerebral blood flow and improves memory and cognition, especially with Alzheimer’s. It has anti-inflammatory effects as well (Diamond & Bailey, 2013).
HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS
Generally, Ginkgo biloba administration is tolerated well. The maximum dose per day is recommended at 240 mg. Mild side effects include headache, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and allergic reactions. Those who take anticoagulant, antibleeding, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should use Ginkgo with caution. Coadministration with warfarin can result in bleeding. No data exists with pregnant women, those who are lactating, and with infants so use should be avoided. Raw seeds can contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides and can be poisonous (Nguyen & Alzahrani, 2023).
FORMULARY
The goal of this formula is to support the liver.
.50oz of Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo biloba)
.25oz of Reishi Mushroom (Dried) (Ganoderma lingzhi)
.25oz of Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
.25oz of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum verum)
Ensure the work-space and all equipment is clean, unnecessary items removed, and sanitized. Create a decoction from the Cinnamon Bark and Dried Reishi Mushroom by placing the herbs in a pint of cold water on a pot on the stove. Raise the heat to a low simmer and allow the liquid to reduce by 1/3 with the lid partway off. Once the decoction has completed, place in the Ginkgo Biloba and Asian Ginseng and allow to infuse for about 15 minutes. Once the liquid has cooled, strain out the herbal material and store the resulting liquid in a glass jar and lid.
Refer to the table below for general dosage information:
Adults
3 tablespoons 3x per day
Children
Not recommended for children
Oral
1-2 teaspoons of the dried herb steeped in a tea
RESEARCH
Gingko biloba extract EGb 761®: clinical data in dementia
Ihl, R (2012). Gingko biloba extract EGb 761®: clinical data in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr: 24 Suppl 1:S35-40. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212000543. PMID: 22784427. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/22784427/
Gingko biloba abrogate lead-induced neurodegeneration in mice hippocampus: involvement of NF-κB expression, myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory mediators
Adebayo, O.G., Ben-Azu, B., Ajayi, A.M., Wopara, I., Aduema, W., Kolawole, T.A., Umoren, E.B., Onyeleonu, I., Ebo, O.T., Ajibo, D.N., Akpotu, A.E (2022). Gingko biloba abrogate lead-induced neurodegeneration in mice hippocampus: involvement of NF-κB expression, myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory mediators. Biol Trace Elem Res: 200(4):1736-1749. doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02790-3. Epub 2021 Jul 9. PMID: 34240327. https://0s20iaxjp-mp02-y-https-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.lirn.net/34240327/
Ginkgo Biloba
Nguyen, T & Alzahrani, T (2023, July 3). Ginkgo biloba. StatPearls:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541024/#:~:text=Ginkgo%20biloba%20has%20two%20primary,%2C%20bilobetin%2C%20and%20sciadopitysin
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo Biloba (n.d). Missouri Botanical Garden:https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=z990#:~:text=It%20features%20distinctive%20two%2Dlobed,maidenhair%20fern%20leaflets%20(pinnae)
Ginkgo biloba: indications, mechanisms, and safety
Diamond, B.J., Bailey, M.R (2013). Ginkgo biloba: indications, mechanisms, and safety. Psychiatr Clin North Am:36(1):73-83. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2012.12.006. PMID: 23538078.
Lab Notes
Lab, Module 2:
I created a decoction of 1/2 oz Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) & 1/2 oz of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). I thought this would make a great anti-diabetic and general metabolism tonic recipe to help regulate blood sugar levels as both herbs have anti-diabetic properties.
I removed my pets from the kitchen and sanitized my work space (the kitchen counter) and sanitized my equipment: my digital scale, pot, tongs, and stainless steel strainer. I measured out the herbs and placed them in the stainless steel pot. I added a pint of cold water and allowed the water to simmer with the lid halfway off for about 20 minutes while the liquid reduced. I then took the pot off the stove and allowed the decoction to cool down before straining it. I used a coffee filter to help extract the mucilage from the Fenugreek. I stored the decoction in a glass jar and tried a tablespoon. The resulting mixture tastes like brown sugar oatmeal and smells like oats. It has a sweet aftertaste but is not overpowering. It feels filling due to the fiber and helps settle the stomach. I felt strengthened and sturdier instead of airy as I usually feel. My sister tried it too and said it tasted like a dessert. She said it felt like a mini hearty meal. It's interesting that a concoction made to help regulate blood sugar levels would have such an enticingly sweet, syrup-y smell.
Cinnamon Bark, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Family: Lauraceae
Active Constituents: Cinnamon bark contains volatile oils including cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid as well as procyanidins, catechins, cinnamate, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Therapeutic Use: Cinnamon bark has anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anticancer, antimycotic, lipid-lowering, and cholesterol-lowering properties (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Indicated Use: Cinnamon bark is commonly used throughout the world as a flavoring agent, an essential oil, to regulate glucose levels, to prevent bleeding, increase uterine blood circulation, encourage tissue regeneration, and to treat toothaches (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Contraindications: May interfere with or intensify other anti-diabetic medications (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Fenugreek: Trigonella foenum-graecum. Family: Fabaceae
Active Constituents: Fenugreek has alkaloids, proteins lysine and tryptophan, amino acids such as 4-hydroxyisoleucine, histidine, lysine, arginine, flavonoids, lipids, coumarins, saponins, vitamins, minerals, and mucilaginous fibers (Ptersen, 2020).
Therapeutic Actions: Fenugreek acts as a general tonic and digestive, and has anti-diabetic, demulcent, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties (Bahmani, et.al, 2016).
Uses: Fenugreek is indicated for use with diabetes, dysmenorrhea, appetite loss, menopause, promoting lactation, constipation, dyspepsia, to ease childbirth, and for gastritis. It promotes healthy blood sugar levels in Type I and Type II diabetes (Petersen, 2020).
Contraindications: Fenugreek is contraindicated for use with those who are allergic to the Fabaceae family (which includes peanuts), can have additive effects with other herbs and medications that lower glucose levels, can affect hormone-related cancers due to its estrogenic effect, and while pregnant. Large doses can cause diarrhea and flatulence, and lead to an unusual body odor in children (Petersen, 2020).
I wanted to add Astralagus: Astragalus obcordatus, but I thought this might have too many herbs that have glucose lowering effects which Fenugreek is contraindicated for. I was a little trepidatious including Cinnamon but since they are often used together when cooking I thought this recipe might be okay to try out.
Bahmani, M., Shirzad, H., Mirhosseini, M., Mesripour, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M (2016). A review on ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graceum l). Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2016;21(1):53-62. doi:10.1177/215658721558340 Links to an external site.
Rao, P.V & Gan, S.H (2014). Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med:2014;2014:642942. doi: 10.1155/2014/642942. PMID: 24817901; PMCID: PMC4003790.
Petersen, D (2020). Advanced Herbal Materia Medica III (20th ed.). American College of Healthcare Sciences.
Lab #3
I wanted to create a formula oriented towards rebuilding constitution and adrenals (.50 oz of Kelp), regulating hormones and digestion (Spearmint - .25oz), and for an antiseptic action I added Eucalytpus (.25 oz) all to reset the system after being sick. I first removed my pets from the kitchen and sanitized my work space and equipment - my digital scale, my teapot, my glass jar and lid. I weighed out the herbs and placed them in a pint of cooled boiling water and let it infuse for twenty minutes. After infusion was completed, I strained the herbs out and let it cool down. I tried a tablespoon of the mixture. It was quite disgusting. The flavor was similar to liquid seaweed. If I were to try this again, I would lessen the amount of Kelp and increase the Spearmint. I would also likely make an ointment from these ingredients (minus the Kelp and adding Lavender) to create a soothing, antiseptic ointment.
Eucalyptus: Eucalyptus globulus, Family: Myrtaceae
Indications: Eucalyptus is indicated for use with sore throat, asthma, bronchitis, layrngitis, tonsillitis, burns, indigestion, fevers, insect bites, muscular aches, upper respiratory infections,
Contraindications: Eucalyptus is generally recognized as safe to use; leaves may cause contact dermatitis. The essential oil should be diluted and may irritate the mucus membranes
Therapeutic Action: Eucalytpus is considered a antirheumatic, cardiac stimulant, deodarant, anitseptic, aromatic, expectorant, astringent, bacteriostatic, mucolytic, stimulant, and styptic action (Petersen, 2020).
Spearmint, Mentha spicata, Family: Lamiaceae
Indications: Spearmint is indicated for use with nausea, indigestion, gas, headache, cramps, and sore throat; it can also be applied topically as a pain reliever (What Are the Health Benefits of Spearmint?, n.d).
Contraindications: Spearmint is contraindicated for pregnancy and may damage the uterus in large amounts. It may increase kidney issues and make liver diseases worse (Spearmint: Medlineplus Supplements, n.d).
Active Constituents: Spearmint has constituents rosmarinic acid, carvone, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and hesperidin (Sierra, et.al., 2022).
Kelp, Laminaria digitata, Family: Laminariaceae
Indications: Kelp is indicated for use with cancer prevention, hypertension, weight loss, as a laxative, to treat radioactive intoxication, to facilitate labor, induce first-trimester abortions, and to increase cervical dilation.
Contraindications: Taken orally, kelp can worsen acne; the high amount of iodine can also excacerbate hypo and hyper-thyroidism, and arsenic intoxication can be a potential side effect as well, depending on the harvestation location.
Active Contituents: Kelp includes constituents such as lamine, alginate, histamine, and lamination.
Therapeutic Action: Kelp has therapeutic actions such as anticoagulant, anticancer, diabetes, and antioxidant effects (Petersen, 2020).
Petersen, D. (2020). Herbal Materia Medica II (20th ed.). American College of Healthcare Sciences.
Sierra, K., Naranjo, L., Carrillo-Hormaza, L., Franco, G., Osorio, E (2022). Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Phytochemical Profile: Impact of Pre/Post-Harvest Processing and Extractive Recovery. Molecules: 27(7):2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072243Links to an external site.
Spearmint: Medlineplus Supplements (n.d). MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine: medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/845.html#:~:text=Kidney%20disorders%3A%20Spearmint%20tea%20might,might%20make%20liver%20disease%20worse
What Are the Health Benefits of Spearmint? (n.d). Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266128#:~:text=Some%20people%20use%20spearmint%20to,to%20nerve%20or%20muscle%20painLinks to an external site.
Lab #4
I wanted to create a formula to assist with Diabetes II as my aunt was just recently diagnosed with it and asked for something to take. I included .5 oz of Cinnamon, .25oz of Spearmint, and .5oz of Reishi Mushroom to create an antidiabetic formula with immune-stregthening and tonic action. I began by removing my pets from the kitchen and sanitizing my workspace and equipment - my small kitchen scale, pot, glass jar and lid. I began with creating a decoction out of the Reishi mushroom and Cinnamon bark. I placed .5oz of Reishi and .5oz of Cinnamon bark in 16oz of water and let it simmer until 3/4ths of the liquid remained. I removed the pot from the heat and immediately placed the .25oz of Spearmint in with the Cinnamon bark and Reishi and let it infuse for 20 minutes. Once infused and cooled, I strained out the herbs and stored it in my glass jar. The resulting liquid smelled slightly minty, earthy, and fragrant. I would recommend a dosage of 4-6 tablespoons 3x per day. In the future, I would probably make this into a powder using a mortar and pestle and alter the formula to be taken in pill form at one pill 3x per day.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomun verum) Family: Lauraceae
Indications: Mood-enhancer when used as an essential oil, hypoglycemic effects, improves glucose and insulin metabolism so it is effective for Diabetes Type II; it is also used to treat flatulence, muscle and gastrointenstinal spasms, to prevent vomiting, for nausea, protect against infections, the common cold, testicle hernia, menopause, amenorrhea, and used in mouthwashes and toothpaste to protect the oral cavity. Oral Dosage: one cup of tea, 3x per day.
Active Constituents: Propenylbenzenes, allybenzenes, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, pelargondin, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, strontium, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, camphor.
Therapeutic Actions: Anti-tumor, anticancer, antibacterial, spermicidal action, antidiabetic
Contraindications: Frequently ingested as a neutraceutical, likely safe in normal doses. May slow heart rate and lower blood pressure, so those with cardiovascular conditions should be aware of the dosage of cinnamon ingestion. Not recommended for use while pregnant or breastfeeding (Petersen, 2020).
Spearmint (Mentha spicata). Family: Lamiaceae
Indications: Spearmint is indicated for use with colic, fevers, faltulence, hiccups, morning sickness, nausea, vomting, stomach upsets, inflammation of hemmorrhoids, of the kidneys, and urine retention.
Active Constituents: resins, tannins, essential oil - carvone, either acetic, butryic, caprylic acid.
Therapeutic Actions: Spearmint has antispasmodic, antimutagenic, antibacterial, aromatic, carminative, emmanagogue, nervine, stimulant, and diuretic properties.
Contraindications: Recognized as generally safe when used appropriately; often used as a culinary flavboring - overdose of essential oil can lead to CNS depression, gastrointestinal irritation, and may negatively affect male reproductive function since it can increase FSH and L hormones while decreasing testosterone in male rats (Petersen, 2020).
Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), Family: Ganodermataceae
Active Constituents: Reish mushroom has polysaccharides, triterpenoids (lucidumol A and anodeeric acid, adenosine, germanium, sterols, ribofalvin, ascorbic acid, and amino acids.
Indications: Reishi is indicated for use for many conditions. It has been used to lessen altitude sickness, slow aging, to lower blood pressure, for asthma, cardiovascular disease, chemotherapy, herpes, HIV, obesity, tumors, stress, viral infections, yeast infections, liver disease, bronchial disease, fatigue, hepatitus, gastric ulcers, cancer, inflammataory disease, for uterine fibroids, and as a kidney tonic. It enhances the immune system.
Contraindications: It is considered contraindicated for use during pregnancy and lactation, and may increase the risk of bleeding in those with thrombocytopenia. It may also worsen hypotension and interfere with blood pressure medication. Side effects may include mouth and throat dryness, stomach upset, itchiness, nosebleed and bloody stools.
Therapeutic Actions: Reishi has antihistaminic, hypolipemic, hypercholesterolemic, antitumor, immunostimulant, hypertensive, hypotensive, and anti-allergenic effects, and is a CNS sedative, analgesic, and anticonvulsant - it also induces the process of maturation for macrophages. It has antimutagenic and antioxidant effects (Petersen, 2020). Reishi also has promising antidiabetic effects (Wińska, et.al, 2019).
Peterson, D. (2020). Herb 504 Advanced Herbal Materia Medica III (20th edition). Unpublished manuscript. American College of Healthcare Sciences.
Wińska, K., Mączka, W., Gabryelska, K., Grabarczyk, M (2019). Mushrooms of the genus ganoderma used to treat diabetes and insulin resistance. Molecules:. 2019 Nov 11;24(22):4075. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224075. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6891282/Links to an external site.
Lab #5
I wanted to create a formula to support the liver, and I wanted to trying creating this in a powdered form, easy to take as a pill for an acute liver cleanse with nervous system tonic support and an anti-inflammatory effect.
I removed my pets from the kitchen, sanitized my workspace and equipment, and gathered my herbs. I weighed out 10 grams of Milk Thistle, 7 grams of Gingko Biloba, and 7 grams of Turkish Oregano Leaf. I used my mortar and pestled and ground each herb one at a time until it was reduced. It was difficult to get it completely powdered, I'm not sure if I was using enough force or the herbal material wasn't easily designed to be powdered (the milk thistle was light and feathery). I created about 30 capsules. I would recommend 3 pills 3x per day.
Milk Thistle: Silybum marianum. Family: Asteraceae
Active Constituents: Silymarin, Silybinin A and B (SBN A&B), isosilybinin A and B (ISBN A&B), silychristin (SCN), and silydianin (SDN) (Aziz, et.al., 2020).
Indications: Milk Thistle is indicated for use with Diabetes, alcohol-related liver dysfunction, acne, chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity, to prevent and treat cancer, to treat Amanita mushroom poisoning, to protect the liver against toxins, to protect the gallbladder, to treat liver infections, combat liver cirrhosis, and protect against hepatitis (Rainone, 2005).
Contraindications: Milk Thistle is contraindicated for pregnancy and lactation; those with uterine, prostate, or other hormone-related cancers should not take Milk Thistle. It is also contraindicated for use with those with allergies to ragweed, chamomile, and chrysanthemums (Mount Sanai, n.d).
Turkish Oregano Leaf: Origanum vulgare, Family: Lamiaceae
Active Constituents: Rosamarinic acid, linalool, carvacrol, thymol, flavonoids, tannins, phenol carvacrol, triterpenes, thymol, and contains such minerals as iron, calcium, copper, niacin, thiamine, magnesium, and vitamins (Kumar, et.al., 2015).
Indications: It is taken often as a culinary supplement. It is often used for respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis, gastro-intestinal disturbances like diarrhea and indigestion, diabetes, and to treat bacterial, inflammatory, and menstrual disorders (Veenstra & Johnson, 2019).
Contraindications: Oregano may lower blood sugar levels so is contraindicated for diabetic medications; it is also contraindicated for blood-clotting medications. It may also decrease the absorption of copper, iron, and zinc (U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.).
Ginkgo Biloba: Gingko Biloba, Family: Gingkoaceae
Active Constituents: Gingko Biloba contains flavone glycocides, including gingkolide A, B, C, M, and J, amino acids, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene bilabolide, trilactonic diterpenes, quercetin, and kaempferol.
Indications: Gingko biloba has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, antibacterial, stimulant, astringent, and expectorant properties and is indicated for use with alzheimers, dementia, ADHD, loss of concentration, memory loss, slow circulation, depression, headache, vertigo, pre-menstrual syndrome, diabetes, and dizziness, and is often used as a nervous system tonic.
Contraindications: Side effects can include gastro-intestinal upset, dizziness, and the seeds should not be used for long-term use. Adverse effects can include somnolence, dizziness, nausea, and abdominal pain (Petersen, 2020).
Dosage: As a powder, 40-80 grams, 3x per day.
Aziz, M., Saeed, F., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, A., Afzaal, M., Hussain, S,. Mohamed, A.A., Alamri, M.S., Anjum, F.M (2020). Biochemical profile of milk thistle (Silybum Marianum L.) with special reference to silymarin content. Food Sci Nutr: 9(1):244-250. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1990. PMID: 33473288; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7802570/Links to an external site.
Kumar, V., Markovic, T., Emerald, M., & Dey, A. (2015, September 22). Herbs: Composition and dietary importance. Encyclopedia of Food and Health: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123849472003767Links to an external site.
Milk Thistle (n.d). Mount Sinai Health System: www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/milk-thistle#:~:text=Milk%20thistle%20should%20not%20be,chamomile%2C%20yarrow%2C%20or%20daisiesLinks to an external site.
Rainone, F. (2005, October 1). Milk thistle. American Family Physician:https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1001/p1285.htmlLinks to an external site.
Peterson, D. (2020). Advanced Herbal Materia Medica II. Portland: American College of Healthcare Sciences.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Oregano: Medlineplus supplements. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/644.htmlLinks to an external site.
Veenstra, J.P. & Johnson, J.J (2019). Oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract for food preservation and improvement in gastrointestinal health. Int J Nutr. 2019;3(4):43-52. doi: 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-19-2703. Epub 2019 Apr 9. PMID: 31080888; PMCID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6508890/#:~:text=In%20traditional%20medicine%2C%20oregano%20has,%2C%20and%20diabetes2%E2%80%934Links to an external site..
Lab #6
I sought to create an anti-diabetic blend as my aunt was recently diagnosed with Diabetes II and has asked me to create blends for her.
Recipe:
.25oz of Astralagus Root (Astragalus membranaceus)
.25oz of Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
.25oz of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
50oz of Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale)
I chose these herbs to create a strong immuno-strengthening, liver-supportive, and glucose-lowering blend. I removed my pets from the kitchen and sanitized my workspace and equipment: my digital scale, pot, glass jar, and lid. I measured out the herbs and created a decoction with 20 oz of cold water. I let the blend simmer for about twenty minutes until the liquid had reduced. It smelled fragrant, sweet, slightly spicy, with a scent similar to brown sugar oatmeal. It made the entire house smell pleasant. The taste was not nearly as sweet. It was bitter, earthy, with a very slight hint of cinnamon flavor. I liked it a lot. I felt like my digestion was smoother and more settled. My aunt tried it and did not care for the flavor but she said she would drink it. I would probably try to increase the sweetness of the blend for her in the future, increasing the Cinnamon bark and reducing the Dandelion root.
Astralagus, Astragalus membranaceus, Family: Fabaceae
Active Constituents: Astralagus has polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins (astragaloside I), and alkaloids (Astralagus, n.d).
Therapeutic Use: Astralagus haas anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, glucose-lowering, vasorelaxant, wound-healing, immunosupportive, and hepatoprotective effects (Astralagus, n.d).
Indications: Astralagus is indicated for use with colds, influenza, diabetes, heart disease, anemia, fatigue, chemotherapy effects, kidney disease, hepatitis, allergies, and cancer (Astralagus, n.d).
Contraindications: Astralagus potentially interacts with cyclophosphamide, immunosuppresants (since it is an immune stimulant), and with lithium. Not to be taken when pregnant or breastfeeding (Astralagus, n.d).
Cinnamon Bark, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Family: Lauraceae
Active Constituents: Cinnamon bark contains volatile oils including cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid as well as procyanidins, catechins, cinnamate, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Therapeutic Use: Cinnamon bark has anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anticancer, antimycotic, lipid-lowering, and cholesterol-lowering properties (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Indicated Use: Cinnamon bark is commonly used throughout the world as a flavoring agent, an essential oil, to regulate glucose levels, to prevent bleeding, increase uterine blood circulation, encourage tissue regeneration, and to treat toothaches (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Contraindications: May interfere with or intensify other anti-diabetic medications (Rao & Gan, 2014).
Fenugreek: Trigonella foenum-graecum. Family: Fabaceae
Active Constituents: Fenugreek has alkaloids, proteins lysine and tryptophan, amino acids such as 4-hydroxyisoleucine, histidine, lysine, arginine, flavonoids, lipids, coumarins, saponins, vitamins, minerals, and mucilaginous fibers (Petersen, 2020).
Therapeutic Actions: Fenugreek acts as a general tonic and digestive, and has anti-diabetic, demulcent, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties (Bahmani, et.al, 2016).
Uses: Fenugreek is indicated for use with diabetes, dysmenorrhea, appetite loss, menopause, promoting lactation, constipation, dyspepsia, to ease childbirth, and for gastritis. It promotes healthy blood sugar levels in Type I and Type II diabetes (Petersen, 2020).
Contraindications: Fenugreek is contraindicated for use with those who are allergic to the Fabaceae family (which includes peanuts), can have additive effects with other herbs and medications that lower glucose levels, can affect hormone-related cancers due to its estrogenic effect, and while pregnant. Large doses can cause diarrhea and flatulence, and lead to an unusual body odor in children (Petersen, 2020).
Dandelion Root: Taraxacum officinale, Family: Asteraceae
Active Constituents: Dandelion Root contains sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic acids, triterpenes, chicoric acid, sterols (taraxasterol & taraxerol) cycloartenol, polyphenols, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and has vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, sodium, potassium, silicium, zinc, magnesium, copper, and manganese (Kania-Dobrowolska & Baraniak, 2022).
Therapeutic Use: Dandelion Root has immunosupportive, hepatoprotective, antiviral, diuretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, gastrointestinal, choloretic, antiurolithiatic, and hypoglycemic effects (Dandelion, n.d).
Indications: Dandelion Root is indicated for use with diabetes, metabolic syndromes, abdominal obesity, to reduce high cholesterol, to stabilize lipid and glucose levels, prevent chronic liver disease, lower blood pressure, prevent heart disease, reduce the risk of arthritis, cancer, promote digestive health, and increase lactation (Wong & Clark, 2023).
Contraindications: Dandelion Root may interact with antiplatelet and anticoagulant medication and increase the risk of bleeding. May cause an allergic reaction to those allergic to plants within the Asteraceae family, such as ragweed. May cause hyperoxalemia in patients with renal impairment. Overdosage may lead to diarrhea, heartburn, and gastrointestinal discomfort (Dandelion, n.d).
Astragalus (n.d). Mount Sinai Health System: https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/astragalus#:~:text=It%20contains%20antioxidants%2C%20which%20protect,antibacterial%20and%20anti%2Dinflammatory%20propertiesLinks to an external site..
Astralagus (n.d). NatMed: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/food,-herbs-supplements/professional.aspx?productid=963#pharmacokineticsLinks to an external site.
Astragalus (n.d). Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/astragalusLinks to an external site.
Bahmani, M., Shirzad, H., Mirhosseini, M., Mesripour, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M (2016). A review on ethnobotanical and therapeutic uses of fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graceum L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med: 21(1):53-62. doi: 10.1177/2156587215583405. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922446/Links to an external site.
Dandelion (n.d). NatMed: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/databases/food,-herbs-supplements/professional.aspx?productid=706#adverseEventsLinks to an external site.
Kania-Dobrowolska, M, & Baraniak, J (2022). Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) as a source of biologically active compounds supporting the therapy of co-existing diseases in metabolic syndrome. Foods:11(18):2858. doi: 10.3390/foods11182858. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9498421/Links to an external site.
Rao, P.V & Gan, S.H (2014). Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med: 642942. doi: 10.1155/2014/642942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003790/Links to an external site.
Wong, C., & Clark, P. (2023, July 29). 11 heath benefits of dandelion. Verywell Health: https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-dandelion-root-89103Links to an external site.